1. Avoid adding engine oil without changing it

機油在柴油機的使用中是必不可少的，主要作用是潤滑、冷卻、清潔等。因此，很多小型混凝土攪拌車駕駛員都會注意檢查潤滑油的油量，且按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)添加，但是卻忽略了潤滑油質(zhì)量的檢查和對已經(jīng)變質(zhì)機油的及時更換，而導(dǎo)致一些發(fā)動機的運動機件總是在較差的潤滑環(huán)境中運轉(zhuǎn)，加速了各機件的磨損。一般在正常情況下機油的損耗并不是很大，但是卻極容易產(chǎn)生污染，而失去保護(hù)柴油機的作用。在柴油機運轉(zhuǎn)的過程中，許多污物(燃油不完全燃燒而生成的碳煙、積炭和積垢等)都會進(jìn)入到機油中。對于新的或大修后的機械，試運轉(zhuǎn)后雜質(zhì)就會更多，如果只加不換就投入使用，容易引起燒瓦、抱軸等意外事故。另外，即使更換了機油，某些駕駛員由于缺乏維修經(jīng)驗或圖省事，也會在更換時不徹底清洗油道，使機械雜質(zhì)殘留在油底殼及油路中。

Engine oil is essential in the use of diesel engine. Its main functions are lubrication, cooling and cleaning. Therefore, many small concrete mixer drivers will pay attention to check the amount of lubricating oil, and add it according to the standard, but they ignore the inspection of the quality of lubricating oil and the timely replacement of the deteriorated engine oil, which leads to some engine moving parts always running in poor lubrication environment, accelerating the wear of the parts. Generally, the loss of engine oil is not great under normal conditions, but it is very easy to produce pollution and lose the function of protecting diesel engine. In the process of diesel engine operation, many pollutants (soot, carbon and scale formed by incomplete combustion of fuel) will enter into the engine oil. For new or overhauled machinery, there will be more impurities after commissioning. If it is put into use without replacement, it is easy to cause accidents such as tile burning and axle holding. In addition, even if the engine oil is changed, some drivers will not thoroughly clean the oil passage during the replacement due to lack of maintenance experience or convenience, so that mechanical impurities remain in the oil pan and oil circuit.

2、混凝土商砼車忌缸套和活塞新品不經(jīng)選配即安裝

2. The new cylinder liner and piston should not be installed without matching

在換裝汽缸套和活塞時，認(rèn)為新的汽缸套和活塞都是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件，具有互換性，裝上去就能使用了。而實際上，汽缸套與活塞的尺寸都是有一定的公差范圍。如把尺寸的汽缸套配上更小尺寸的活塞，會使配合間隙太大，造成壓縮無力，而啟動困難。因此，小型混凝土攪拌車在換裝前一定要檢查標(biāo)準(zhǔn)缸套與活塞的尺寸分組代號，裝用的缸套與活塞必須使標(biāo)準(zhǔn)活塞的尺寸分組代號與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)缸套的尺寸分組代號一樣，這樣才能保證兩者之間具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的配合間隙。另外，各缸裝用同一分組代號的缸套和活塞時，要注意裝前檢驗缸塞間隙，為了保證裝配標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在裝機前應(yīng)再進(jìn)行一次檢驗，以防裝上了假冒偽劣的殘次產(chǎn)品。

When replacing the cylinder liner and piston, it is considered that the new cylinder liner and piston are standard parts with interchangeability and can be used after being installed. In fact, there is a certain tolerance range for the dimensions of cylinder liner and piston. If the largest size of cylinder liner is matched with the smallest size of piston, the fit clearance will be too large, resulting in weak compression and difficult starting. Therefore, before the replacement of small concrete mixer, the dimension grouping code of standard cylinder liner and piston must be checked, and the dimension grouping code of standard piston must be the same as that of standard cylinder liner, so as to ensure the standard fit clearance between them. In addition, when cylinder liners and pistons with the same grouping code are installed in each cylinder, the clearance between cylinder and piston should be inspected before installation. In order to ensure the assembly standard, another inspection should be conducted before installation to prevent the installation of fake and inferior defective products.

3水泥運輸車忌不檢查柱塞行程余量

3. Do not check the plunger stroke allowance of cement truck

在柱塞式噴油泵的調(diào)試過程中，有很多維修人員不注意檢查柱塞的行程余量。所謂柱塞的行程余量，就是指柱塞被凸輪軸上的凸輪頂上止點后，能繼續(xù)上行的移動量。調(diào)好小型混凝土攪拌車的供油開始時間后，之所以要檢查行程余量，是因為柱塞的行程余量與柱塞和套筒的磨損有關(guān)。

In the debugging process of plunger type fuel injection pump, many maintenance personnel do not pay attention to check the stroke allowance of plunger. The so-called stroke allowance of the plunger refers to the amount of movement that the plunger can continue to move upward after being pushed to the top dead center by the cam on the camshaft. After adjusting the start time of oil supply for small concrete mixer, the reason for checking the stroke allowance is that the stroke allowance of plunger is related to the wear of plunger and sleeve.

柱塞與套筒磨損之后，柱塞要往上多運動一段后才能開始供油，使供油開始時間推遲。當(dāng)擰出調(diào)整螺栓或換用較厚的調(diào)整墊塊、墊片之后，柱塞的位置就會上移，使柱塞的行程余量減小。因此，在維修調(diào)試噴油泵時，就應(yīng)當(dāng)檢查此行程余量，用以判定噴油泵是否還允許調(diào)整。檢查時，要根據(jù)噴油泵的不同結(jié)構(gòu)而采用下而不同方法：a)轉(zhuǎn)動凸輪軸，把柱塞頂上止點后，拆下出油閥及閥座，并用深度游標(biāo)尺測量。b)柱塞被頂上止點后，用螺絲刀撬起柱塞彈簧的彈簧座，使柱塞上升點。然后再用厚薄規(guī)插入柱塞下平面與挺桿調(diào)整螺栓之間進(jìn)行測量。柱塞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)行程余量大約為1.5mm，磨損后的到極限行程余量應(yīng)不小于0.5mm。

After the plunger and sleeve are worn, the plunger can start to supply oil only after moving upward for a long time, which delays the start time of supply oil. When the adjusting bolt is screwed out or a thicker adjusting pad or gasket is replaced, the lowest position of the plunger will move up, which will reduce the stroke allowance of the plunger. Therefore, in the maintenance and debugging of the fuel injection pump, we should first check the stroke allowance to determine whether the fuel injection pump is still allowed to adjust. During the inspection, different methods should be adopted according to the different structures of the injection pump: a) turn the camshaft, push the plunger to the top dead center, remove the oil outlet valve and valve seat, and measure with the depth vernier. b) After the plunger is pushed to the top dead center, pry the spring seat of the plunger spring with a screwdriver to make the plunger rise to the highest point. Then insert a thickness gauge between the lower plane of the plunger and the tappet adjusting bolt for measurement. The allowance of plunger wear should not be less than 1.5mm after the standard stroke.

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